
Chapter one
Why the stain is rarely under the fault
Rain past the covering travels along underlay and timber, so your ceiling mark is a clue, not an answer.
A wet stain on a landing ceiling tells you water has reached the plaster. It does not tell you where it came in. Rain that slips past a cracked tile, a lifted flashing or a split valley lands on the underlay, the membrane or felt laid under the battens, and runs downhill until it finds a nail hole, a lap or the edge of a timber. From there it can travel along a rafter or a ceiling joist before it drips. On a Worthing terrace with a long rear slope, the stain and the fault can sit well apart, and on a hipped bungalow the water can turn a corner at the hip before it shows.
At a glance
- Water runs along underlay and rafters before it drips
- We start in the loft, then check the covering outside
- Condensation can look like a leak, but the pattern differs
Note Where the ceiling is well sealed and a certified LR underlay is used, Marley says ordinary eaves construction ventilates enough: about 3mm.
That is why a repair that starts from the stain so often misses. Someone replaces the tile directly above the mark, the ceiling dries for a week, and the next band of driving rain off the Channel brings the drip straight back. The fault was never at that tile.
1.1 How we follow the water back
We start inside. In the loft, with a torch, we look for the wettest timber, the tide marks on the underlay and any staining on top of the insulation. Old felt underlay that has sagged between the rafters can hold pools of water you can see from below. We follow those marks uphill to the highest wet point, because that is the nearest the water gets to its way in.
Then we go outside to the same spot on the covering. It might be a slipped slate, a cracked tile, a gap at the abutment where the roof meets a wall, a chimney with open joints, a perished collar round a soil pipe or a valley full of leaves. Each leaves a different trail, and the loft tells us which one to look for. We photograph the cause, inside and out, before any price is put to you. Our guide to finding a roof leak sets out the same checks in more detail.
1.2 When it is not the roof at all
Not every wet loft has a leak. Warm, moist air from a bathroom or kitchen rises into a cold roof space, condenses on the underside of the felt or on the nail points, then drips. The pattern gives it away: damp spread evenly along a slope, worse on cold mornings, often with mould on the timber, and no link to rain. If we think the cause is condensation we tell you, and the fix is ventilation rather than new tiles. There is more on telling condensation from a leak in its own answer.
Tracing a leak to its source
- Loft We find the highest wet timber and the tide marks on the underlay.
- Covering We check the tiles, flashings and valleys directly above that point.
- Proof We photograph the cause inside and out before writing the quote.
The stain shows where the water stopped, not where it started.
If a leak only appears in a certain wind, that is useful evidence. Note the date, the weather and how long after the rain started the drip began. Put a bowl under it, move anything you value out of the loft, and if the ceiling bulges, keep well clear of it. A short message with those details and a photo of the stain lets us bring the likely materials to the first visit. If water is pouring in, our emergency roof repairs page explains how we make a roof safe first and come back for the permanent repair.



























